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Applying an intersectional approach to the analysis of nationally representative population data collected through the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), this chapter attempts to address the congruence between functional status (disability) and other relevant socio-demographic background variables (gender, race, self-reported health status, etc.) that may potentially result in disparate access to education and employment.

Disability is defined and measured using the six American Community Survey (ACS) disability questions. Disability, intersectionality, and equalization of opportunities are assessed in a representative sample of the U.S. adult population as measured on the 2010 NHIS. Data on approximately 32,000 adults age 18 years and over are used to explore, using multivariate techniques, the intersection between disability, age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, health insurance, and reported health status, and education and employment outcomes.

The results presented describe a disparity in outcomes of education and employment between disabled and nondisabled adults when controlling for several important background and socio-demographic variables. Exploring the relationships between these variables provides a richer understanding of disability as it exists within the social world.

In order to further improve our understanding of the population dynamics of disability, disability data must be routinely incorporated into national statistics programs. The ACS questions provide a common approach to the definition and measurement of disability within the Federal Statistical System.

Concepts of disability have evolved over the past few decades. The focus of attention has shifted from disability as a state, a consequence of disease, to disability being included as just one of many components of health. This has been realised in part through the implementation of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Despite these developments and increased focus in recent years, reliable disability data, particularly from low-income countries, are lacking.We present an innovative approach to measuring disability in a population that is based on some conceptual elements of the ICF, namely activity limitations and participation restrictions. The results are derived from studies on the living conditions among people with disabilities in Namibia, Zimbabwe and Malawi conducted between 2001 and 2004. From the data analysis perspective, the research challenge lies in a shift in the dependent variable from a dichotomous outcome measure (disability as a state: disabled, not disabled) to a continuous measure of activity limitations and participation restrictions – mirroring the range of disability we see in society.These measures of activity limitations and participation restrictions must however not be interpreted in isolation, but as integral to the environment, society and culture from which they are derived. This will require an expanded view of disability data and effect substantially greater measurement challenges.

Barbara M. Altman, a sociologist with a Ph.D. from the University of Maryland is currently a special assistant on Disability Statistics at the National Center for Health Statistics and an adjunct associate professor at the University of Maryland, College Park. She is currently involved in revision of the measures of disability in the American Community Survey and has a key role in the Washington Group, an international group seeking to develop culturally compatible measures of disability worldwide. Her disability research interests focus in three areas: disability definition and measurement in survey data; access to, financing and utilization of health care services by persons with disabilities, particularly working-age persons and women with disabilities; and disability among minority groups. She is the author of numerous articles and book chapters on disability topics, and she is currently co-editor of the series Research in Social Science and Disability.

Previous studies conducted in developed countries have demonstrated that ethnocentric consumers are more willing to buy domestic products. This study investigates the moderating roles of quality judgment of domestic products and conspicuous consumption (CC) in the relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and willingness to buy domestic products (WBD) in the context of a developing country, namely the People's Republic of China. The results support the hypothesis that the impact of ethnocentrism on consumer WBD tends to be weaker when consumers judge them as being of lower quality, or when consumers hold higher CC values. The conceptual and managerial implications for developing countries, including China, are discussed.

Discusses the correspondence and use of each other′s ideas of Loeb and Veblen which are seen to be significant both in understanding the evolution of their own thought and as commentary on the times.

Investigates the relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and consumer attitudes toward foreign manufactured products in product categories in which domestic alternatives are not available. Such decision situations (i.e. product choice in categories with no domestic alternative) are common for consumers in many smaller countries throughout Europe, and thus important for marketing managers to understand. It was hypothesised that individuals with high levels of consumer ethnocentrism would have more favourable attitudes toward products from culturally similar countries in comparison to products from culturally dissimilar countries. The values classification of culture proposed by Schwartz was used to establish cultural similarity, and the attitudes of a representative sample of New Zealand consumers were assessed using a nation‐wide mail survey. Our results suggest that cultural similarity is an important consideration for highly ethnocentric consumers in the evaluation of foreign products. A number of theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to understand the role of the statutory auditing profession in France. The study is theoretically based on distinctions between a functionalist view of professions and a neo-weberian view. Prior research, conducted in Anglo-American countries has shown that the auditing profession has focussed primarily on protecting the private interests of the profession. Hence, there is a need to conduct research on this topic in a code law country where the state is expected to play a significant role in protecting the public interest.

The methodology involves a content analysis of 148 disciplinary decisions issued against statutory auditors in France from 1989 to 2006. This analysis identified 21 types of violations grouped into public interest or private interest offences. Because visible offences are public and are more likely to threaten the reputation of the profession, these types of decisions are also studied with respect to their visibility.

The results reveal that in a code law country such as France the auditing profession tends to defend both the public interest as well as its private interests. The results also support the “visibility” effect.

The written disciplinary decisions have been anonymized so that the names of the auditors and the clients cannot be identified.

This paper differs from previous studies conducted in the Anglo-American context which show an emphasis on protecting the private interests of the auditing profession. Moreover, this study reveals the existence of “mixed” offences and underlines that a profession primarily focusses on these cases. Thus, the work reconciles in part the functionalist and neo-weberian perspectives. Lastly, this paper confirms the importance of the visibility effect.